NGỮ ĐOẠN VIẾT LUẬN IELTS

1/ CỤM TỪ NỐI VÀ CHUYỂN Ý (Phrases using in TRANSITION WORDS) Agreement / Addition / Similarity The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material. in the first place not only ... but also as a matter of fact in like manner in addition coupled with in the same fashion / way first, second, third in the light of not to mention to say nothing of equally important by the same token again to and also then equally identically uniquely like as too moreover as well as together with of course likewise comparatively correspondingly similarly furthermore additionally Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning (contrast). although this may be true in contrast different from of course ..., but on the other hand on the contrary at the same time in spite of even so / though be that as it may then again above all in reality after all but (and) still unlike or (and) yet while albeit besides as much as even though although instead whereas despite conversely otherwise however rather nevertheless nonetheless regardless notwithstanding Cause / Condition / Purpose These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions in the event that granted (that) as / so long as on (the) condition (that) for the purpose of with this intention with this in mind in the hope that to the end that for fear that in order to seeing / being that in view of If ... then unless when whenever while because of as since while lest in case provided that given that only / even if so that so as to owing to inasmuch as due to Examples / Support / Emphasis These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader. in other words to put it differently for one thing as an illustration in this case for this reason to put it another way that is to say with attention to by all means important to realize another key point first thing to remember most compelling evidence must be remembered point often overlooked to point out on the positive / negative side with this in mind notably including like to be sure namely chiefly truly indeed certainly surely markedly especially specifically expressively surprisingly frequently significantly in fact in general in particular in detail for example for instance to demonstrate to emphasize to repeat to clarify to explain to enumerate such as Effect / Consequence / Result Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was a consequence or an effect. Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences or effects. as a result under those circumstances in that case for this reason in effect for thus because the then hence consequently therefore thereupon forthwith accordingly henceforth Conclusion / Summary / Restatement These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas, or indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect / Consequence category can be used to summarize. as can be seen generally speaking in the final analysis all things considered as shown above in the long run given these points as has been noted in a word for the most part after all in fact in summary in conclusion in short in brief in essence to summarize on balance altogether overall ordinarily usually by and large to sum up on the whole in any event in either case all in all Obviously Ultimately Definitely Time / Chronology / Sequence These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and defining time. They can be used either alone or as part of adverbial expressions. at the present time from time to time sooner or later at the same time up to the present time to begin with in due time as soon as as long as in the meantime in a moment without delay in the first place all of a sudden at this instant first, second immediately quickly finally after later last until till since then before hence since when once about next now formerly suddenly shortly henceforth whenever eventually meanwhile further during in time prior to forthwith straightaway by the time whenever until now now that instantly presently occasionally Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses. Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time. Space / Location / Place These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in the Time category and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference. in the middle to the left/right in front of on this side in the distance here and there in the foreground in the background in the center of adjacent to opposite to here there next where from over near above below down up under further beyond nearby wherever around between before alongside amid among beneath beside behind across Conjunctions Coordinating Conjunctions Comes usually in the middle of a sentence, and a comma is used before the conjunction (unless both clauses are very short). They join individual words, phrases, and independent clauses. Whereas coordinating conjunctions join parts of a 'sentence', the purpose of transitional words and phrases usually is to join two 'sentences'. Examples: We can draw lessons from the past, but we cannot live in it. [Lyndon B. Johnson] The purpose of most computer languages is to lengthen your resume by a word and a comma. [Larry Wall] And, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet — are the seven coordinating conjunctions. To remember them, the acronym FANBOYS can be used. 1. F = for 2. A = and 3. N = nor 4. B = but 5. O = or 6. Y = yet 7. S = so Subordinating Conjunctions Also called subordinators, introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. Examples: If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail. [Abraham Maslow] Some people make headlines while others make history. [Philip Elmer-DeWitt] Conjunctions Concession • though • although • even though • while Conjunctions Condition • if • only if • unless • until • provided that • assuming that • even if • in case (that) • lest Conjunctions Comparison • than • rather than • whether • as much as • whereas Conjunctions Time • after • as long as • as soon as • before • by the time • now that • once • since • till • until • when • whenever • while Conjunctions Reason • because • since • so that • in order (that) • why Relative Adjective • that • what • whatever • which • whichever Relative Pronoun • who • whoever • whom • whomever • whose Conjunctions Manner • how • as though • as if Conjunctions Place • where • wherever Correlative Conjunctions They are always used in pairs and denote equality; and show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural. • as . . . as • just as . . . so • both . . . and • hardly . . . when • scarcely . . . when • either . . . or • neither . . . nor • if . . . then • not . . . but • what with . . . and • whether . . . or • not only . . . but also • no sooner . . . than • rather . . . than Conjunctive Adverbs They are often used as a linking device between ideas. They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly. Similar to And • also • besides • furthermore • likewise • moreover Similar to But • however • nevertheless • nonetheless • still • conversely • instead • otherwise • rather Similar to So • accordingly • consequently • hence • meanwhile • then • therefore • thus Stating Your Opinion In my opinion, According to me, In my view, To me, From my point of view, I think It seems to me that I believe From my perspective To my way of thinking It appears that I suppose I realize I understand I imagine I feel Giving Examples For example, For instance, such as In other words, as like that is namely To illustrate To paraphrase Comparing Similar to As...as in common also Either...or In the same way, Neither...nor At the same time Just as resemble Contrasting However, But On the contrary, On the other hand, Differ from Nevertheless Although Though Otherwise Instead Alternatively, Even though Generalizing Generally, Generally speaking, Overall, On the whole, In general, By and large, It seems to me that I believe All in all, Basically, Essentially, As a rule, All things considered For the most part Expressing Certainty Certainly, Undoubtedly, Doubtless, No doubt, Definitely, Of course, Expressing Partial Agreement More or less, To some extent, Up to a point, Almost, In a way, So to speak, Showing cause Due to Because Because of Owing to Showing effect Therefore, As a result, Consequently, For this reason, Thus, So, thereby Eventually, Hence, The reason why Marking time First, Last Second, Lastly, Third, Then, Firstly, First of all, Secondly, Before Thirdly, After During While To begin with At the same time Simultaneously After this / that Since Meanwhile Afterwards Following this When As soon as Adding Information Furthermore In addition Also And Moreover Similarly Likewise As well as Besides Too Even What’s more Expressing condition If Whether In case Unless Provided that So that Concluding To summarize In conclusion Lastly, Finally, To conclude with, In short, To indicate more information • Besides - Making an additional point; anyway • Furthermore • In addition • Moreover • Likewise • Indeed – In truth • In fact • Also • As well • Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatial position • First, Second, Third, Finally • Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly To indicate an example • For example • For instance • In particular • Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others • Specifically • To illustrate • To demonstrate To indicate a cause or reason • Since • Because • Because of • Due to • For • For the reason that • As • Inasmuch as - Since • Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby we achieved our goal" To indicate a result or an effect • Accordingly - because of the reason given • Consequently • Hence • So • Therefore • Thus • Thusly - In the way indicated • Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result • Therefrom - From that circumstance or source • Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance or source • Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blind jealousy is a frequent corollary of passionate love" To conclude • For the aforementioned reasons • For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that • To sum up the foregoing, • Given these facts • In conclusion • In closing • To conclude To express an opinion • In all due fairness • With good judgment, (one/we may) To describe or make • vivid • portray • depict • exhibit • illustrate • expose • present • paint a portrait • limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of • delineate • represent • demonstrate • constitute - Form or compose • embodied - (adj) Expressed by • embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form • embodiment To prove • manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of • attest - Provide evidence for • testify - Provide evidence for • certify - Provide evidence for • endorse, indorse - Give support or one's approval to • shew - Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or experiment • establish • instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of • exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of To compare or contrast • Whereas • In comparison • In contrast • However • Although • On the other hand • Likewise • Similarly • But • Yet • Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession) • Withal - Together with this • Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary • Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary • Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary • Even so - Despite anything to the contrary • All the same - Despite anything to the contrary To indicate time • After • Before • Currently • During • Eventually • Finally • First, Second, etc. • Formerly • Immediately • Initially • Lastly • Later • Meanwhile • Next • Once • Previously • Simultaneously • Soon • Subsequently • Subsequent - Following in time and order • Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe a situation that has existed up to this point or up to the present time, “The sun hasn’t rose hitherto.” • In due time • Henceforth To indicate certainty • Truly • Sincerely • Genuinely • Surely • Rightfully • Absolutely • Indubitably • Certainly • Without doubt • Needless to say To indicate doubt • Most likely • More likely • Possibly • Probably • Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion • Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt To summarize • Overall • To summarize • In summary • To sum up • Paraphrased • Briefly • In brief • Summing up • To put it briefly • preùcis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of) • synopsis - A sketchy summary • apercu - A short synopsis To provide a condition • provision, proviso - A stipulated condition • stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract • given • if • whether • whenever • when • while To express positive words • magnificent • grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, the quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct • magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct • fantastic • fantastical • phenomenal • wonderful • extraordinary • marvelous • superb • good • fine • great • avid - Emotionally desirable • avid ambition to succeed • excellent • spectacular • prodigious • grand • brilliant • glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness • illustrious - Widely known and esteemed • notable - Worthy of notice • respected • impressive • splendid • splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor • resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantly colorful • flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly and brilliantly colorful • redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride • formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence • prowess • superior • terrific • tremendous • wondrous - Extraordinarily good • wonderful • sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high • flair - natural talent • knack - A special way of doing something • outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others • paramount - Having superior power and influence • predominant • preponderating • prevailing To show intelligence • profound • shrewd – hardheaded (practical experience and observation) intelligence • astute • acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight • insightful • savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands • cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning • genius • smart • sharp • keen • mastermind • Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality • work of art • fine art • maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field • mavin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field • adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field • whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field • wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field To intensify • incredibly • exceedingly • toppingly - extremely well • extremely • extraordinarily • truly • really • very • utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers, With sublimity; in a sublime manner • absolutely • perfectly • sublimely • dramatically • sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fell sheer into the water" Said • enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way • pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way • articulated - Express or state clearly • vocalized - Express or state clearly • posited - Put firmly • stated • expressed • reported • alleged - Declared but not proved • averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave manner and formally as true • affirmed, asserted • wrote • composed • indited - Produce a literary work • penned - Produce a literary work • spelt - Indicate or signify • voiced, sounded - Give voice to • demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally Noted (said) • remarked • denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that she agreed" • observed • commented • mentioned • referred • announced • noticed Precisely • explicitly • accurately • expressly • exactly • incisively Numerous • innumerable • many • various • several • diverse • umpteen • umteen • myriad (noun and adj.) Praise • extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor • exalt • glorify • laud • proclaim • revere • idolize • worship • venerate Call Forth • evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) • arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) • elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) • enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) • provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) • inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and passions • awake - Stop sleeping • conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic • invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic • summon - Gather or bring together • instill - deposit gradually A Translation of common Scientific Research Phrases This list of phrases and their translations (definitions) might help you understand the mysterious language of science in general and medicine / biology specifically. These special phrases are also applicable to anyone working on a Ph.D. dissertation, academic paper or journal article at a university anywhere on earth. Research Phrases Translation / Meaning It has long been known ... I didn't look up the original reference. A definite trend is evident ... These data are practically meaningless. Of great theoretical and practical importance ... Interesting to me. While it has not been possible to provide definite answers to these questions ... An unsuccessful experiment, but I still hope to get it published. Three of the samples were chosen for detailed study ... The results of the others didn't make any sense. Typical results are shown ... This is the prettiest graph. These results will be shown in a subsequent report... I might get around to this sometime, if I'm pushed / funded. The most reliable results are those obtained by Jones ... He was my graduate assistant. It is believed that... I think. It is generally believed that ... A couple of other people think so, too. It is clear that much additional work will be required before a complete understanding of the phenomenon occurs ... I don't understand it. Correct within an order of magnitude ... Wrong. In my experience ... Once. In case after case ... Twice. In a series of cases ... Thrice. According to statistical analysis. Rumor has it. A statistically oriented projection of the significance of these findings. A wild guess. Thanks are due to Joe Blotz for assistance with the experiment and to George Frink for valuable discussions ... Blotz did the work and Frink explained to me what it meant. A careful analysis of obtainable data... Three pages of notes were obliterated when I knocked over a glass of wine. It is hoped that this study will stimulate further investigation in this field ... I quit. Different Terms / Categories for different Types of Writing • Extended Abstract • Conference Paper • Journal Paper • Thesis • Correspondence • Proposal • Instruction • User Guide • Presentation • Report (technical, management) • Web presentation • Tutorial • Textbook • Literature • Comment • Summary 2/ Expression using in letter writing To complete your IELTS letter writing task within 20 minutes, it is helpful to know some common phrases and set expressions. Being able to use these will allow you to express your ideas quickly and effectively, without thinking about each and every word. While you're learning their meaning, also make sure you can spell them perfectly. Finally, try the quiz at the bottom of the page to see how well you know these important expression. Apologizing I'm sorry about... I am sorry that... I'm very sorry about... I'm very sorry for... Please forgive me for... I'd like to apologize for... Please accept my apologies. Please accept my sincere apologies. (very formal) Asking for Help I'd be grateful if you could... I would be grateful if you could... I would appreciate it if you could... Could you please... I was wondering of you could help me.(informal) I would like to know... Asking for Information I am writing to enquire about... I am writing to find out about... What I am looking for is... I would like to know about/if... Closing I look forward to seeing you. I look forward to hearing from you. I look forward to meeting you. Complaining / expressing dissatisfaction I'm writing to express my dissatisfaction with... I'm writing to express my annoyance with... I am not happy about... ...was very disappointing. Conveying regards Please give my best regards to your family. Please pass on my best wishes to your wife and children. Please give my regards to your parents. Expressing satisfaction I was delighted to hear that... I was very happy to learn that... I was thrilled to find out that... I was glad to hear that... ...was very enjoyable. Expressing concern / sympathy I was sorry to hear about... (your accident/ illness) I am writing to express my concern about... Giving bad news I regret to inform you that...(semi-formal) I am sorry to tell you that...(informal) I regret to advise you that...(formal) I am afraid I have some bad news.(informal) Giving good news I am pleased to inform you that...(semi-formal) I am delighted to tell you that...(informal) I am happy to advise you that...(formal) I thought you might like to know that... Giving reasons This is because... This is because of... This is due to... (formal) This is as a result of...(formal) This is owing to...(formal) Making suggestions Would it be a good idea to... Perhaps it would be a good idea to... Thanking Thanks. Thank you. Thank you very much. Thank you kindly. I can't thank you enough. No words can express my gratitude. I am extremely grateful for... I very much appreciate your