LUYỆN DỊCH TIẾNG ANH PHÁP LÝ - GS.TS ĐỖ HỮU VINH

A Administrative Procedure Act administrator administrator ad litem administrator ad prosequendum administrator cum testamento annexo administrator de bonis non administrator de bonis non cum testamento annexo administrator pendente lite administrator with will annexed administratrix admiralty court admiralty law admissible evidence admission admission against interest admission of guilt admit adopt adopted child adoption adoptive parent ADR adult adultery advance advance directive advance parole advance sheets advancement adverse adverse interest adverse party adverse possession adverse witness advisory opinion affiant affidavit affirm affirmative action affirmative defense affix affranchise after-acquired evidence after-acquired property after-acquired title after-discovered evidence age discrimination Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) age of consent age of majority agency agent agent for acceptance of service agent for service of process aggravate aggravated assault aggravated battery aggravating circumstances AGI agreed statement of facts agreement aid and abet aleatory alias alibi alibi witness alien alien registration card (ARC) alienation alienation of affections alimony aliquot ALJ allegation allege Allen charge alluviation alluvion alter ego alternate beneficiary alternative dispute resolution (ADR) alternative minimum tax (AMT) alternative pleading alternative reproductive technology (ART) alternative writ of mandate (mandamus) AMBER Alert ambiguity amend amended complaint amended pleading amended tax return American Bar Association (ABA) American Civil Liberties Union American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) amicus amicus curiae amnesty amortization AMT ancillary administration ancillary jurisdiction ancillary probate angel investor annual exclusion amount annual exclusion gift annual meeting annual percentage rate annuitant annuity annulment answer antenuptial agreement Anthony Kennedy anticipation anticipatory breach anticontest clause antilapse statute antitransfer laws antitrust laws Antonin Scalia APN apparent authority appeal appear appearance appellant appellate court appellate jurisdiction appellee applicable exclusion amount appraisal appraise appraiser appreciate appreciation approach approach the witness appurtenant APR arbiter arbitrary arbitration arbitrator arguendo argument ARM arm's length arraignment arrearages arrears arrest arrest warrant arson ART article articles of impeachment articles of incorporation articles of organization as is assault assault and battery assess assessed value assessor assessor's parcel number asset assign assigned risk assignee assignment assignment for benefit of creditors assisted suicide associate Associate Justice association assumable mortgage assume assumption assumption of risk assured asylum at issue memorandum at-will employment attached attachment attempt attest attestation attestation clause attorney attorney at law (or attorney-at-law) attorney fees Attorney General attorney of record attorney work product attorney work product privilege attorney's fee attorney-client privilege attorney-in-fact attractive nuisance attractive nuisance doctrine audit auditor augmented estate authenticate author authority authorize automatic stay autopsy avails aver averment avowal avulsion award B Bachelor of Laws back-to-back life sentences bad debt bad faith badgering the witness bail bail bond bail bondsman bailee (custodian) bailiff bailment bailor bailout bait and switch Baker v. Carr (1962) balance due balance sheet balloon mortgage balloon payment ballot bank bank credit bankruptcy bankruptcy court bankruptcy discharge bankruptcy estate bankruptcy petition preparer bankruptcy proceedings bankruptcy trustee bar bar association bar examination bargain barratry barrister basis basis point battery beach bum trust provision bearer bearer paper belief bench bench trial bench warrant beneficial interest beneficial ownership beneficial use beneficiary beneficiary deed benefit benefit of counsel benevolent society benefits bequeath bequest Berghuis v. Thompkins (2010) Berne Convention best evidence rule best interests (of the child) bestiality beyond a reasonable doubt BFOQ BFP bias bid bifurcate bifurcated trial bigamy bilateral contract bill bill of attainder bill of exchange bill of lading bill of particulars Bill of Rights bill of sale binder binding precedent Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 bird-nesting biweekly mortgage blackletter law blackmail blank endorsement blanket search warrant blind pig blind tiger blind trust blog blood alcohol concentration blood alcohol content (BAC) blood alcohol level blue card blue flu blue law blue ribbon jury blue sky laws Bluebook board of directors Board of Education v. Earls (2002) boiler room boilerplate bona fide bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) bona fide purchaser bond bondsman book account book value booking bookkeeper books boot border patrol bottomry bounty hunter Bowers v. Hardwick (1986) Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000) boycott Brady material breach breach of contract breach of promise breach of the peace breach of trust breach of warranty breaking and entering bribery brief broker Brown v. Board of Education (1954) bucket shop building and loan association bulk sale bulk sales law bulk transfer burden burden of proof burglary burial insurance burial policy Bush v. Gore (2000) business business invitee business license business records exception but-for test buy-sell agreement buyout agreement bylaws bypass trust C C corporation CAA CAFC cafeteria plan calendar calendar call calendar year accounting period call call option calumny cancel cancellation cancellation of removal caning canon law cap cap and trade capacity to contract capital capital account capital asset capital case capital expenditure capital gains capital investment capital offense capital punishment capital stock capitalization capitalized expenditure capitalized interest capitalized value capricious caption carbon offset care careless cargo insurance carnal knowledge carrier carryback carrying for hire carrying on business carryover carryover basis cartel case case law case of first impression case system cash method of accounting cash surrender value cashier's check casual labor casualty casualty loss causa mortis cause cause of action caveat caveat emptor CC&Rs CCCS cease and desist letter cease and desist order census certificate of citizenship certificate of deposit (CD) certificate of formation certificate of incorporation certificate of organization certificate of title certificate of trust certification mark certification of trust certified check certified copy certified public accountant (CPA) certiorari chain of title challenge challenge for cause chambers champerty chancellor chancery change of circumstances Chapter 11 bankruptcy Chapter 12 bankruptcy Chapter 13 bankruptcy Chapter 13 plan Chapter 7 bankruptcy Chapter 9 bankruptcy character witness charge charitable contribution charitable gift annuity charitable lead trust charitable organization charitable remainder annuity trust charitable remainder trust charitable remainder unitrust charitable trust charity chart of accounts charter chattel chattel mortgage check chief justice child child custody Child Status Protection Act (CSPA) child support child's trust Chinese Exclusion Act Christian Legal Society v. Martinez (2010) church and state churn churning CID CIF circuit court circumstantial evidence citation cite citizen citizen's arrest Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010) civil civil action civil case civil code civil law civil liability civil liberties civil penalties (civil fines) civil procedure civil rights Civil Rights Act of 1964 civil union civil union partners claim in bankruptcy claims Clarence Thomas class class action Clayton Antitrust Act Clean Air Act (CAA) clean hands doctrine clean room Clean Water Act (CWA) cleaning fee clear and convincing evidence clear and present danger clear title clearly erroneous clerk Clinton v. City of New York (1998) close corporation closed shop closed-end loan closely held corporation closing closing argument closing costs cloud on title code Code of Federal Regulations (C.F.R.) Code of Professional Responsibility codefendant codicil codify cohabitation Cohan rule coho coho salmon cohousing coinsurance collaborative divorce collaborative law collateral collateral attack collateral consanguinity collateral descendant collateral estoppel collection agency collective mark collective work collision damage waiver collision insurance coverage collusion collusive action color of law color of title comaker comfort care comity comity of nations commencement of action comment commerce commercial frustration commercial law commingling commission commitment common area common carrier common interest development common law common law marriage common property common stock community interest development community property community property with right of survivorship community service community trust commutation commute a sentence company comparable rectitude comparative negligence compensation compensatory damages competence competent competent evidence competent witness compilation complainant complaint compos mentis compound interest compound question compounding a felony comprehensive insurance coverage compromise compromise verdict compulsory joinder compulsory license concealed weapon concealment conclusion conclusion of fact conclusion of law concurrent condition concurrent resolution of Congress concurrent sentence condemn condemnation condemnation action condition condition precedent condition subsequent conditional bequest conditional ownership conditional resident conditional sale conditional SSI payments conditions of carriage condominium condonation condone confess confession confession and avoidance confession of judgment confidence game confidential communication confidential relation confine confirmation hearing confiscate conflict of interest conflict of laws conformed copy conforming loan confrontation confusingly similar conjugal rights connivance consanguinity conscientious objector conscious parallelism consecutive sentence consent consent decree consent judgment consent order consequential damages conservatee conservator conservatorship consideration consign consignee consignment Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (COBRA) consortium conspiracy conspirator constable constitution constitutional amendment constitutional rights constitutional tort construction constructive constructive discharge constructive eviction constructive fraud constructive notice constructive possession constructive receipt of income constructive trust construe consulate consumer credit Consumer Credit Counseling Service (CCCS) Consumer Leasing Act consumer protection laws consumer report consummation contemplation of death contempt contempt of court contest contiguous contingency contingency fee contingent contingent annuity contingent beneficiary contingent fee contingent interest contingent ownership contingent remainder contingent trust contingent will continuance continuing objection continuing trespass contra contraband contract contract for deed contract of adhesion contractor contribution contributory negligence control controlled substance controlling law controversy contumacy contutor conversion convey conveyance conveyee convict conviction cookie cooling-off rule cooperative cooperative housing cop a plea coparcenary copartner copy copyright copyright notice Copyright Office copyright owner copyright registration coroner corporate charter corporate opportunity corporate resolution corporate trustee corporation corporeal corporeal ownership corpus corpus delicti corpus juris corroborate corroborating evidence corroborating witness cosign cosigner cost basis cost bill cost of completion cotenancy cotenants cotrustee counsel counselor count countable resource counter wills counterclaim counterfeit counteroffer counterpart county attorney course of employment court court calendar court costs court docket court of appeal(s) Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Court of Claims Court of Customs and Patent Appeals court of equity Court of International Trade court of law court order court reporter court trial court witness court-martial covenant covenant marriage covenant not to compete covenant of quiet enjoyment covenant that runs with the land covenants, conditions, and restrictions cramdown credibility credible witness credit bureau Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 Credit CARD Act credit counseling credit file credit insurance credit report credit reporting agency credit score credit shelter trust credit union credit, n credit, v creditor creditor's claim creditor's rights crime crime against nature crime of passion criminal criminal attorney criminal calendar criminal case criminal complaint criminal insanity criminal justice criminal law criminal procedure cross-claim cross-complaint cross-examination cross-licensing cruel and unusual punishment cruelty cruelty to animals Cruzan v. Missouri Department of Health (1990) CSI effect CSS culpability culpable cum testamento annexo Cumis counsel cumulative sentence cumulative voting curator cure cure or quit current monthly income curtesy custodial interference custodial parent custodian custody custody (of a child) Customs and Border Protection (CBP) Customs Court CWA cy pres doctrine (see-pray-doctrine) cybersquatting D D.A. damages dangerous weapon Darby v. United States (1941) database date rape David H. Souter DBA de facto de facto corporation de jure de jure corporation de minimis de novo dead man's statute deadhand control deadly weapon dealer death benefit death penalty death row death taxes debenture debit card debt debt collector debt relief agency debt-to-income ratio debtor debtor in possession deceased decedent deceit deception decide decision declarant declaration declaration against interest declaration of mailing declaration of trust declaration under penalty of perjury declaratory judgment declaratory relief decree decree of distribution decriminalization dedication dedimus potestatum deductible deductible business expense deduction deed deed in lieu of foreclosure deed of trust deep link defalcation defamation default default divorce default judgment defeasance defeasible remainder defect defective defective title defendant defense defense attorney Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) deferred compensation deficiency deficiency judgment deficit defined benefit plan defined contribution plan defraud degree of kinship delayed exchange delegate deliberate delinquent delivery demand demand letter demand note demise demonstrative evidence demur demurrer denial Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Department of Labor (DOL) Department of State (DOS) dependent dependent care plan dependents benefits deponent deportation depose deposition depreciable asset depreciate depreciation depreciation reserve derelict dereliction derivation of citizenship derivative derivative action derivative work descent descent and distribution descriptive mark desert desertion design patent detain determinable determinate sentence deuce devise devisee devisor devolution devolve dicta dictum Digital Millennium Copyright Act digital signature diligence dilution diminished capacity diminution in value direct and proximate cause direct evidence direct examination direct inheritance directed trust directed verdict directive to physicians director disability disability benefits disallowance disbar disbarment discharge discharge (of debts) discharge (of personal representative) discharge in bankruptcy dischargeable debts disclaim disclaimer disclaimer trust disclosure discount discovery discretion discretionary trust discrimination disenfranchise disfranchise disgorge disgorgement dishonor disinherit disinheritance disinterested witness disjunctive allegations dismiss dismissal dismissal with prejudice dismissal without prejudice disorderly conduct disorderly house disparate impact disparate treatment disposable income disposing mind and memory disposition dispossess dispute dispute resolution disregarding the corporate entity dissent dissenting opinion dissolution dissolution of corporation dissolution of marriage distinctive trademark distinguish distress distribute distributee distribution distribution of profits District Attorney (DA) district court District of Columbia v. Heller (2008) disturbance of the peace disturbing the peace diversion diversity jurisdiction diversity of citizenship Diversity Visa Program (the Lottery) divestiture divestment dividend divorce divorce agreement DNA docket doctor-patient privilege doctrine of equivalents document documentary evidence dog-bite statute doing business doing business as (DBA) DOMA domain name domestic partner adoption domestic partners domestic relations domestic violence domicile dominant estate dominant tenement don't ask, don't tell donation donative intent donee donor dooced double jeopardy double taxation double wills double-entry accounting doubling dower dower and curtesy down payment dowry draft dram shop rule draw drawee drawer Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) driving under the influence (DUI) driving while black driving while intoxicated driving while intoxicated (DWI) drop dead date drunk driving due due and owing due care due diligence due process of law due, owing, and unpaid due-on-sale clause DUI dump-buyback durable power of attorney durable power of attorney for finances durable power of attorney for health care duress duty duty of care DWI dying declaration dynamite charge dynasty trust E e.g. EA earned income earned surplus earnest payment earnings record earwitness easement easement by prescription eavesdropping Economic Stimulus Act of 2008 EEOC effective assistance of counsel effective date effluxion of time Egelhoff v. Egelhoff (2001) eggshell skull egress EIR ejectment ejusdem generis elder law election of remedies election under the will electioneering elective share Electronic Funds Transfer Act electronic signature electronic surveillance eleemosynary element elements (of a case) elements (of a crime) emancipated minor emancipation embassy embezzlement embezzler emblements emergency emergency doctrine emergency protective order eminent domain emolument emotional distress employee Employee Retirement Income Security Act (ERISA) employer employment Employment Authorization Document (EAD) en banc enabling clause enclosure (inclosure) encroach encroachment encumber encumbrance endangered species Endangered Species Act of 1973 endorsement (indorsement) endowment endowment insurance enemy combatant Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 enfranchise Engel v. Vitale (1962) English-only rule enjoin enjoyment enrolled agent (EA) enter a judgment entity entrapment entry entry of judgment environmental impact report (EIR) environmental law Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Equal Pay Act equal protection Equal Rights Amendment equal-opportunity employer equitable equitable distribution equitable estoppel equitable lien equitable ownership equitable relief equity equity of redemption equivalent ergo ERISA erroneous error errors and omissions escalator clause escape clause escheat escrow escrow agent escrow instructions espionage espousal esquire essential job functions Establishment Clause estate estate by entirety estate planning estate tax estate tax threshold estimated taxes estop estoppel estoppel by deed estoppel by silence estoppel in pais et al. et seq. et ux. et uxor ethical will euthanasia evaluation agreement evasion of tax eviction evidence evidentiary ex delicto ex officio ex parte ex post facto ex rel. examination examination report exception exception in deed excessive bail exchange excise excited utterance exclusionary rule exclusive license exculpate exculpatory exculpatory clause exculpatory evidence excusable neglect execute executed remainder execution executive clemency executive order executive privilege executor executory executory interest executory remainder executrix exemplary damages exempt employee exempt property exemption exemption trust exhaustion exhibit exonerate expectancy expense expenses of administration expert testimony expert witness express express contract express notice express warranty expropriation expunge extended warranty contracts extension extenuating circumstances extinguishment extortion extradite extradition extrajudicial extraordinary compensation extraordinary fees extreme cruelty extrinsic evidence extrinsic fraud eyewitness F face amount face value fact fact finder factor failure of consideration failure of issue fair comment Fair Credit Billing Act (FCBA) Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA) Fair Debt Collection Practices Act (FDCPA) Fair Housing Act & Fair Housing Amendments Act Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) fair market value Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 fair trade laws fair use false arrest false imprisonment false pretenses family family allowance Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) family court family limited partnership family pot trust family purpose doctrine Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 FAPE fault divorce FCBA FCPA FCRA FDCPA FDIC Fed. Cir. federal benefit rate federal court federal courts Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Federal Land Policy and Management Act Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 federal question federal tax deposits (FTD) Federal Tort Claims Act Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Federal Unemployment Tax Act (FUTA) fee fee simple fee tail felon felonious felony felony murder doctrine Feres doctrine fertile-octogenarian rule fi. fa. FICA tax FICO fictitious business name fictitious defendants fictitious name fiduciary fiduciary relationship field sobriety test fieri facias Fifa lien fighting words file file and suspend filibuster filing fee final beneficiary final decree final judgment final settlement financial guardian finder's fee finding finding of fact fire insurance firm offer First Amendment first degree murder first impression fiscal sponsor fiscal year accounting period fishing expedition fitness fixed annuity fixed asset fixed in a tangible medium of expression fixed rate mortgage fixed trust fixture flexible savings account (FSA) flight flipping FLMPA floating easement FMLA FOB for sale by owner for value received forbearance force majeure forced sale forced share forcible entry foreclosure foreclosure sale foreign corporation Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) foreign divorce forensic forensic animation forensic medicine forensic testimony forensics foreseeability foreseeable risk forfeit forfeiture forger forgery form interrogatories formula AB trust fornication forthwith forum forum non conveniens forum shopping foster care foster child foster parent four corners of an instrument framing franchise franchise agreement franchise tax franchisee franchiser frank fraternal benefit society benefits fraud fraud in the inducement fraudulent conveyance fraudulent transfer Fraudulent Transfer Act free and clear free appropriate public education free on board (FOB) freehold freelancer freeze-out fresh pursuit friendly suit friendly witness fringe benefit frisk frivolous frolic and detour fruit of the poisonous tree frustration of purpose FSBO FTC FTCA fugitive from justice full disclosure full faith and credit fundamental right funding a trust fungible things Furman v. Georgia (1972) future interest G guilty gag order garnish garnishee garnishment GATT gender bias gender identity General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) general appearance general bequest general counsel general damages general denial general journal general ledger general partner general plan general power of attorney generation-skipping transfer generation-skipping transfer tax generation-skipping trust generic genericide Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) Geneva Conventions Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) Gideon v. Wainright (1963) gift gift causa mortis gift in contemplation of death gift tax Gitlow v. New York (1925) go bail going out golden parachute golden rule argument Gonzalez v. Raich (2005) good cause good faith good faith estimate (GFE) Good Samaritan rule good title goods goods & chattels goodwill governing law governmental immunity grace period Graham v. Florida (2010) grand jury grand jury witness grand larceny grand theft grandfather clause grandfathered in grant grant deed grantee grantor grantor-grantee index grantor-retained annuity trust grantor-retained income trust grantor-retained trust grantor-retained unitrust gratuitous gravamen green card greenhouse gases greenmail Gregg v. Georgia (1976) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) gross estate gross income gross lease gross negligence grounds for divorce group insurance group life insurance Grutter v. Bollinger (2003) guarantee guaranteed reservation guaranteed signature guarantor guaranty guardian guardian ad litem guardian of the estate guardian of the person guardianship guest statute guilty gun control H habeas corpus habeas corpus ad subjiciendum habitable habitual criminal half blood Hamdi v. Rumsfeld (2004) harass harassment harmless error hate crime Hate Crimes Act hazard insurance head of family head of household headnote health benefits health care declaration health care directive health care proxy health maintenance organization (HMO) hearing hearsay hearsay rule heat of passion hedge fund heir heir apparent heir at law heir hunter heiress heirs of the body held Help America Vote Act of 2002 hereditament hereditary succession hidden asset high seas highway hiring firm hit and run statute hobby loss hold harmless holder holder in due course holding holding cell holding company holding over holdover tenant holographic will home equity home office home rule home study home warranty Homeland Security Act of 2002 homeowners' association homestead Homestead Act homestead declaration homestead exemption hometowned homicide hornbook law hostile possession hostile witness hostile work environment hot pursuit hotchpot house closing house counsel household householder housekeeper Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HUD HUD-1 human rights human trafficking hung jury Hustler Magazine, Inc. v. Falwell (1988) hybrid adjustable rate mortgage hyperlink hypothecate I illegal, imprison, indict, infraction, infringe, innocent, intellectual property I-94 card i.e. IEP IIRIRA illegal illegal immigrant Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigration Responsibility Act illicit illusory promise immaterial immediate relative immigrant visa Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) immunity impairs an exemption impanel impaneling impeach impeachment impleader implied implied consent implied contract implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing implied warranty implied warranty of fitness implied warranty of habitability implied warranty of merchantability impossibility impotence impound imprison improvement impute in absentia in camera in chambers in extremis in forma pauperis in haec verba in lieu in limine in loco parentis in pari delicto in perpetuity in personam in pro per in propria persona in re In Re Gault (1967) in rem in terrorem clause in toto in-house counsel in-kind in-kind income in-kind support and maintenance (ISM) inadmissible inadmissible evidence inalienable incapacitated incapacity incentive stock option (ISO) incest inchoate incidental beneficiary incidents of ownership income income in respect of decedent income statement income tax incompatibility incompatible incompetence incompetency incompetent incompetent evidence incontrovertible evidence incorporate incorporate by reference incorporation incorporator incorporeal incorporeal ownership incriminate incumber incumbrance incurable insanity indecent exposure indefeasible indefeasible remainder indemnify indemnity indenture independent contractor independent trustee indeterminate sentence index indicia indictable offense indictment indigent indispensable party individual retirement account (IRA) individualized education program indorse indorsement ineffective assistance of counsel infancy inference information information and belief informed consent infra infraction infringement infringement (of copyright) infringement (of trademark) infringement (of utility patent) ingress inherit inheritance inheritance tax inheritors injunction injunctive relief injury inlining innocent innocent spouse rule innuendo inquest INS insanity insanity defense insertion insider insider trading insolvency inspection of documents installment agreement installment contract installment credit installment sale instruction instrument insufficient evidence insurance insured insurer intangible property integrated pension plan integration integration clause intellectual property intent intent to levy intent-to-use application (ITU) intentional tort inter alia inter se inter vivos inter vivos trust interest interested witness interference interim order interlineation interlocutory interlocutory appeal interlocutory decree interlocutory judgment intermediate scrutiny intermittent leave Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Internal Revenue Service (IRS) international law Internet service provider (ISP) interpleader interrogation interrogatories interstate commerce intervene intervening cause intervention intestacy intestate intestate succession intoxication intrinsic fraud inure inurement invasion of privacy inventory inverse condemnation invest investigative background check investigative consumer report investment investor invitee involuntary IP ipse dixit ipso facto IRA Iraq War Resolution of 2002 IRC irreconcilable differences irrelevant irremediable or irretrievable breakdown irreparable harm irreparable injury irresistible impulse test irrevocable life insurance trust (ILIT) irrevocable trust IRS IRS expenses IRS Regulations ISP issue issue preclusion itemized deductions J judge, judgment, judicial review, jurisdiction, jury J. J.D. JAG Jane Doe jaywalking jeopardy Jim Crow law JNOV jobber Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003 John Doe John G. Roberts, Jr. John Paul Stevens joinder joinder of issue joint joint adventure joint and several joint custody joint defendant joint enterprise joint liability joint ownership joint powers agreement joint resolution of Congress joint tax return joint tenancy joint tortfeasors joint venture joint work Jones Act journal joyriding judge judge advocate judgment judgment by default judgment creditor judgment debt judgment debtor judgment notwithstanding the verdict (JNOV) judgment proof judicial judicial discretion judicial foreclosure judicial notice judicial proceeding judicial sale jumbo loan jump bail junk bond jurat Juris Doctor (J.D.) jurisdiction jurisdictional amount jurisprudence jurist juror jury jury box jury duty jury fees jury instruction jury nullification jury of one's peers jury panel jury selection jury stress jury tampering jury trial jus cogens jus naturale just cause just compensation justice justice of the peace (JP) justice system justiciable justifiable homicide juvenile court juvenile delinquent K kangaroo court Keogh plan key employee kidnapping kin kindred kiting know-how Korematsu v. United States (1944) L landlord, landmark, law, lawful, lawsuit, lawyer, lease, legal, legislate, liability, litigate L.W.O.P. L3C labor and materials (time and materials) labor certification laches land land trust landlady landlocked landlord landlord and tenant landlord's lien Lanham Act lapse lapse statute larceny last antecedent rule last clear chance last will and testament latent ambiguity latent defect lateral support law law and motion calendar law in books law of admiralty law of the case law of the land lawful enemy combatant lawful issue lawful permanent resident (LPR) Lawrence v. Texas (2003) lawsuit lawyer lay a foundation lay witness lead hazard leading question lease lease option leasehold least restrictive environment leave year Lee v. Weisman (1992) legacy legal legal succession legal action legal advertising legal age legal aid legal cause legal custody legal duty legal fiction legal malpractice legal papers legal risk placement legal separation legal services legal tender legalese legatee legislative immunity legitimate lemon lemon law lessee lesser crime lessor let letter of credit letter of request letters letters of administration letters rogatory letters testamentary leverage levy lewd lewd and lascivious lex loci LGBT liability liability insurance coverage liable liar loan libel libel per se liberty license licensee licensor licit lie detector test lien lienor LIFE Act life beneficiary life estate life expectancy life insurance life insurance avails life insurance trust life tenant life without possibility of parole life-prolonging procedure life-sustaining procedures life-sustaining treatment like-kind property likelihood of confusion Lilly Ledbetter Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 limitation of actions limited equity housing limited jurisdiction limited liability limited liability company (LLC) limited liability partnership (LLP) limited partnership limited personal liability limited power of attorney limiting instructions lineal consanguinity lineal descendant lineup link liquid asset liquidate liquidated damages liquidating partner lis pendens listed property literary works litigant litigation litigator litigious living trust living will LLC LLP loan broker loan consolidation local rules locus loiter loitering long cause long-arm statute loss loss carryover loss damage waiver (LDW) loss of bargain rule loss of consortium loss of use Loving v. Virginia (1967) low-profit limited liability company (L3C) lower court LRE LULAC M magistrate, manslaughter, misdemeanor, murder M'Naughten Rule M.O. MACRS magistrate Magna Carta Mail or Telephone Order Rule mailbox rule maim mainstreaming major life activity majority make make one whole maker malfeasance malice malice aforethought malicious prosecution malpractice malum in se malum prohibitum mandamus mandate mandatory mandatory injunction mandatory joinder manifest Mann Act manslaughter manual accounting system Mapp v. Ohio (1961) Marbury v. Madison (1803) margin marginal tax rate marital deduction marital misconduct marital privilege marital property marital settlement agreement marital termination agreement marital tort maritime court maritime law mark marked for identification market value marketable title marriage marriage certificate marriage license marshal martial law Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) Martindale-Hubbell mass layoff mass tort Massachusetts trust master master and servant master trust material material breach material witness matter of record Matthew Shepard Act Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act maturity may mayhem McCain-Feingold Act McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) McNabb-Mallory Rule McNaghten Rule MDL means test mechanic's lien median family income mediation mediator Medicaid medical certification medical marijuana Medicare Medicare tax meet and confer meeting of creditors meeting of the minds Megan's Law member memorandum memorandum decision Memorandum of Points and Authorities mens rea mental anguish mental competence mental cruelty mental suffering mercantile law merchantable mercy killing mercy rule (character evidence admissibility) merger mesne mesne profits metes and bounds mileage log military commission Military Commissions Act of 2006 military law millage MINE Act Mine Improvement and New Emergency Response Act of 2006 Mine Safety and Health Administration MINER Act mineral rights minimum contacts minimum wage mining claim ministerial act minor minority minutes Miranda v. Arizona (1966) Miranda warnings mirror wills misappropriation misdemeanor misfeasance misjoinder misprision of a felony misrepresentation mistake mistrial misunderstanding mitigating circumstances mitigation of damages MLS Model Rules of Professional Conduct modification modus operandi moiety molestation money order monopoly month-to-month month-to-month tenancy monument moonlighting moot moot court moot point moral certainty moral rights moral turpitude moratorium mortality charge mortgage mortgage broker mortgage delinquency mortgage rate buydown mortgage servicer mortgage-backed security mortgagee mortgagor mortmain motion motion for new trial motion for summary judgment motion in limine motion to dismiss motion to strike motion to suppress motive mouthpiece movant move moving party mugging Muller v. Oregon (1908) multidistrict litigation multiple listing service multiplicity of actions municipal municipal court muniment of title murder mutual mutual wills mystic will N negligence naked option narcotics National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) National Visa Center (NVC) natural law natural person naturalization Near v. Minnesota (1931) necessaries necessary inference necessary party necessities negative amortization negative averment negative income negative pregnant negligence negligence per se negligent negligent tort negotiable instrument negotiation net net earnings net estate net income net lease net loss net operating loss (NOL) new matter New York Times v. Sullivan (1964) next friend next of kin nihil nil nisi prius No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 no contest no fault no-contest clause no-fault divorce no-fault insurance no-par stock nol. pros. nolle prosequi nolo nolo contendere nominal damages nominal party nominee non compos mentis non sequitur noncompete noncompetition agreement nonconforming use noncontest clause noncontestability clause noncontiguous noncountable resource noncustodial parent nondischargeable debts nondisclosure agreement nondiscretionary trust nondisparagement clause nonexempt employee nonexempt property nonfeasance nonimmigrant nonimmigrant visa nonjudicial foreclosure nonlapse statute nonobviousness nonprobate assets nonprobate estate nonprobate transfer nonprofit corporation nonrecourse loan nonrecurring closing costs nonsolicitation agreement nonsuit nontransferable ticket Norris v. Alabama (1935) not guilty not guilty by reason of insanity notarize notary notary public note notice notice of default notice of deficiency notice of tax lien notice to quit notorious possession NOV (non obstante veredicto) novation novelty noxious nugatory nuisance nuisance fees nulla bona nullity nunc pro tunc nuncupative will O offense, onus of proof, overrule, overturn, own O.R. O.S.C. oath oath of office obiter dicta obiter dictum object objection obligation obligee obligor OBRA obscene obscenity obstruction of justice occupancy occupancy standard occupant occupation occupational disease occupational hazard Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) occupy the field of counsel off calendar offender offense offensive collateral estoppel offer offer in compromise offer of proof offeree offeror officer officer of the court official official misconduct officious intermeddler offset offshore corporation Oil Pollution Act of 1990 Older Workers Benefit Protection Act (OWBPA) olographic will omission omitted heir omnibus clause on all fours on demand on or about on or before on the merits on the stand one-bite rule one-person, one-vote rule one-year rule open adoption open court open-ended loan opening statement operating agreement operation of law opinion option Option ARM oral contract order order of examination order to show cause ordinance ordinary course of business original jurisdiction original work of authorship origination fee orphan orphan works OSHA ostensible agent ostensible authority ouster out of court out-of-pocket expense outbuilding outlaw output contract overbooking overcharge overrule overt act owelty own recognizance (OR) owner owners' agreement ownership ownership in common P patent, personal property, plaintiff, plea, precedent, probate, proof, property, prosecute pain and suffering palimony palliative care pander panderer panel paper hanger par par value par-value stock paralegal paramount title parcel pardon parens patriae parent Parental Kidnapping Prevention Act (PKPA) parental neglect parenting plan pari delicto parish parody parol parol evidence rule parole partial breach partial disability partial verdict Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003 partially secured debt participate partition partition by sale partition in kind partner partnership party party of the first part party of the second part party wall pass-through taxation passenger passive pat-down patent patent ambiguity Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) patent claim patent claims patent deed patent defect patent drawing patent infringement patent pending patent search patent troll paternity suit Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 Patriot Act pawn pawnbroker pay or quit payable payable on demand payable-on-death designation payback provision payee payment in due course payment in full payment into court payor payroll taxes PBGC peace bond peaceable possession peculation pecuniary pedophilia peeping Tom peer peer review pen register penal penalty penalty clause pendent jurisdiction pendente lite penitentiary pension Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) people People's Initiative to Limit Property Taxation per per capita per curiam per diem per se per stirpes percipient witness peremptory peremptory challenge peremptory norm peremptory writ of mandate (or mandamus) perfect perfected perform performance perjurer perjury PERM permanent disability permanent injunction permanent injury permanent resident permit perpetuity person personal effects personal financial responsibility counseling personal guardian personal injury personal injury recovery personal property personal representative personal service personal services personalty pet trust petit jury petition petitioner petty larceny phishing physical custody physical incapacity physician-assisted suicide physician-patient privilege picketing piercing the corporate veil piercing the veil pilferage pimp pink slip piracy PITI PKPA plagiarism plain error plain view doctrine plaintiff plaintiff's attorney Plan for Achieving Self-Support (PASS) Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992) plant closing plant patent plea plea bargain plea in abatement plead pleading pledge plenary Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Plyler v. Doe (1982) PMI POD points and authorities poison pill police court police powers political question poll poll book polygamy polygraph POMS Ponzi scheme pooled trust pornography positive law posse comitatus possess possession possession of stolen goods possessory interest possibility of a reverter post post hoc post mortem postdated check posthumous child posting postjudgment interest pot pot trust pour-over will power of acceptance power of appointment power of attorney PPA practicable practice praecipe pray prayer for relief pre-dup precatory precedent predatory lending predecease predeceased spouse preemption preemptive right preference preference relative preferred dividend preferred stock Pregnancy Discrimination Act prejudgment interest preliminary hearing preliminary injunction premarital agreement premeditation premises premium prenatal tort prenuptial agreement prepayment penalty preponderance of the evidence preregistration agreement prerogative writ prescription prescriptive easement presenteeism presentment Presidential signing statements presiding judge presumed abuse presumed maximum value (PMV) presumption presumption of innocence pretermitted heir pretrial discovery prevailing party price fixing prima facie prima facie case prime suspect primogeniture principal principal place of business Principal Register prior art prior restraint prior(s) priority priority date priority debt privacy private annuity private carrier private mortgage insurance private nuisance private property private road privilege privilege against self-incrimination privileged communication Privileges and Immunities Clause privity pro bono pro forma pro hac vice pro per pro rata pro se pro tanto pro tem pro tempore probable cause probate probate court probate estate probation probative probative facts probative value procedural law procedure proceeding proceeds for damaged exempt property process process server proctor product liability products liability professional corporation professional negligence proffer profit and loss statement profit margin prohibition promise promissory estoppel promissory note promoter promotional stock proof proper party property property control trust property damage property guardian property tax property tort Proposition 13 Proposition 8 propria persona proprietary proprietary interest proprietary lease proprietary rights proprietor proprietorship prosecute prosecuting attorney prosecution prosecutor prospectus prostitute prostitution protected characteristic protected class protective custody protest prove proving a will provisional ballot provisional patent application (PPA) provisional remedy proviso provocation proximate cause proxy prudent person rule PTO public public administrator public benefit corporation public charge public corporation public defender public domain public domain lands public easement public figure public nuisance public property public record public trust doctrine public use public utility publication publish published work puffery puffing punitive damages pur autre vie put option putative pyramid scheme R real estate, remedy, responsibility, reverse, right, rob, rule QDOT QDRO QMSCO QTIP trust Qualified Domestic Relations Order (QDRO) qualified domestic trust qualified endorsement qualified individual with a disability qualified intermediary Qualified Medical Child Support Order (QMSCO) qualified ownership qualified personal residence trust (QPRT) qualified plan qualified retirement plan qualified small business stock qualified witness quantum meruit quash quasi quasi contract quasi in rem quasi-community property quasi-corporation quasi-criminal quasi-judicial quasi-personalty Queen's Bench question of fact question of law qui tam action QUID quid pro quo quiet enjoyment quiet title action quit quitclaim deed quo warranto quorum quotient verdict R Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO) racketeering rainmaker ransom rape ratable ratification ratify rational basis rational basis test read on ready, willing, and able reaffirmation real covenant real estate real estate agent real estate broker real estate investment trust (REIT) real party in interest real property Realtor realty reasonable reasonable accommodation reasonable care reasonable doubt reasonable person reasonable reliance reasonable speed reasonable time reasonable victim reasonable wear and tear rebate rebuttable presumption rebuttal rebuttal witness recapture receipt receiver receivership recess recidivist reciprocal beneficiaries reciprocal discovery reciprocity reckless reckless disregard reckless driving reconveyance record record keeping recording recording acts records recoupment recourse recourse loan recover recoverable recovery recurring closing costs recusal recuse red herring redaction redeem redemption reentry referee referendum reformation refresh one's recollection refugee Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978) register Register of Deeds registered agent registered sex offender registration statement registry of deeds regulation Rehabilitation Act of 1973 rehearing REIT release release on one's own recognizance relevant reliance reliction relief relinquished property remainder remainder subject to a condition precedent remainder subject to divestment remainder subject to open remainderman remand remedy remise remittitur removal renewal rent rent control rent to buy rent to own rent withholding rental agreement rental value renunciation reorganization repair and deduct repeal replacement property replacement value replevin reply brief reports repossess repossession represent representation representative representative payee reprieve repudiation reputation reputed request request for admission request to admit required minimum distribution requirements contract res res adjudicata res gestae res gestae witness res ipsa loquitur res judicata res nova resale rescind rescission rescue doctrine reservation reserve fund residence resident residuary beneficiary residuary bequest residuary estate residue resisting arrest resolution resolution of Congress respondeat superior respondent response responsible responsive pleading Restatement of the Law restitution restraining order restraint of trade restraint on alienation restriction restrictive covenant restrictive endorsement resulting trust resume inflation retained earnings retainer retaliation retaliatory eviction retirement benefits retraction retrial retroactive return of service revenue agent revenue ruling reversal reverse engineering reverse mortgage reversible error reversion reverter review revival revocable living trust revocation revoke revolving credit Reynolds v. Sims (1964) rhadamanthine RICO rider right right of representation right of survivorship right of way right to cancel (a contract) right to counsel right to privacy right to work state rights riot riparian riparian rights ripe risk risk of loss roadside test robbery Roe v. Wade (1973) rogatory letters roll over Roth v. United States (1957) royalty rule rule against perpetuities rule of doubt rules of court ruling running at large running with the land Ruth Bader Ginsburg S S corporation Salazar v. Buono (2010) sale sales tax salvage same-sex marriage sample ballot Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. sanction Sandra Day O'Connor Sarbanes-Oxley Act satisfaction satisfaction of judgment satisfaction of mortgage save harmless savings and loan Schecter Poultry Corp. v. United States (1931) schedule Schenk v. United States (1919) School District of Abington Township, Pennsylvania v. Schempp (1963) scienter scintilla scope of employment scrivener seal sealed verdict sealing of records search search and seizure search warrant SEC Second Amendment second degree murder secondary boycott secondary meaning secret rebate secret warranty program Section 1981 Section 504 Section 8 Section1244 Stock secured debt secured transaction securities Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) security deposit security interest sedition seduction seised seisin seized seizin seizure self-dealing self-defense self-employed self-employment tax self-executing self-help self-incrimination self-proving will self-serving self-settled trust sell seller senior lien sentence SEP SEP-IRA separate property separation separation agreement separation of church and state separation of powers sequester sequestration seriatim serious health condition servant service service business service by fax service by mail service by publication service mark service of process servient estate servient tenement session set set aside setback setoff setting settle settlement settlor severability clause severable contract several liability severance severance pay sex offender sexual harassment shall share shared custody shared equity mortgage shareholder shareholder's derivative action shareholders' agreement shareholders' meeting sharp practice Shelley v. Kraemer (1948) sheltered workshop Shepardize sheriff sheriff's sale Sherman Antitrust Act shield laws shifting the burden of proof shoplifting short cause short sale shortening time shotgun charge show cause order sick leave sickness benefits sidebar sideline business signature guarantee signing statement silent partner similarly situated simple trust simplified employee pension plan simultaneous death act sine qua non single-entry accounting situs skip person slander SLAPP suit slayer statute small claims court small entity small estate smoking gun Social Security Social Security Administration Social Security statement Social Security tax sodomy sole custody sole proprietorship solicitation solicitor Solicitor General solitary confinement solvency Sonia Sotomayor sound mind and memory sound recording sounds in sovereign immunity spam speaking demurrer spear phishing special administrator special appearance special circumstances special damages special education Special Immigrant special master special needs special needs trust special power of attorney special prosecutor special verdict specials specific bequest specific devise specific finding specific intent specific legacy specific performance specification speculative damages speedy trial spend down spendthrift clause spendthrift trust spite fence split custody sponsor spontaneous exclamation spot zoning spousal privilege spousal share spousal support springing durable power of attorney springing interest sprinkling trust SSA SSDI SSI stakeholder stalking standard mileage rate standard of care Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States (1911) standing star chamber proceedings stare decisis Starker exchange state state action state court state's attorney stated-income loan status status conference statute statute of frauds statute of limitations statutory damages statutory offer of settlement statutory rape statutory share statutory subject matter stay stay of execution stayaway order stepchild Stephen Breyer stepparent stepparent adoption stepped-up basis stipulation stirpes stock stock certificate stock dividend stock in trade stock option stockholder stockholder's derivative action stop and frisk straight-line depreciation strategic default straw man street strict construction strict liability strict scrutiny strike structure sua sponte subchapter S corporation subcontractor sublease submit subordination subordination agreement subornation of perjury subpena (subpoena) subpena duces tecum subpoena subprime loan subprime mortgage subrogation subrogee subrogor subscribe subscribing witness subsidiary substantial performance substantive law substituted service substitution substitution of attorney substitution of parties subtenant success billing succession succession representative successive sentences successor trustee suffering sufficient cause sui generis suicide suicide clause suit sum certain summary adjudication summary judgment summary probate summation summons sunset law sunshine laws superior court supernumerary witness supersedeas superseding cause supervening cause supplemental supplemental needs trust Supplemental Register Support Our Law Enforcement and Safe Neighborhoods Act of 2010 suppression of evidence supra supremacy clause Supreme Court surcharge surety surplusage surrebuttal surrender value surrogate surrogate court surveillance surviving spouse surviving spouse's trust survivor survivors benefits survivorship suspect classification suspended sentence suspension of deportation sustain swear swearing match sweat equity swift witness swindle syndicate T tainted evidence take taking taking against the will taking the Fifth tangible employment action tangible personal property target witness tax tax attorney tax auditor tax basis tax bracket tax costs tax court tax credit tax deduction tax evasion tax examiner tax fraud tax lien notice tax registration certificate tax return tax sale tax withholding tax-deferred exchange tax-exempt income taxable income taxpayer bill of rights taxpayer identification number (TIN) temporary injunction temporary insanity Temporary Protected Status (TPS) temporary restraining order (TRO) tenancy tenancy at sufferance tenancy at will tenancy by the entireties tenancy by the entirety tenancy in common tenant tenants in common tender tender back rule tender offer tenement tentative trust tenure term term life insurance terrorem clause testacy testamentary testamentary capacity testamentary disposition testamentary trust testate testate succession testator testatrix testify testimony Texas v. Johnson (1989) TFRP theft third degree instruction third party third-party beneficiary third-party trust threatened species three strikes three-day notice three-of-five test tidelands TILA time is of the essence time served timely title title abstract title company title insurance Title IX title report title search Title VII Title X to wit TOD TOD deed toll tontine too big to fail tools of the trade tort tort claims act tortfeasor tortious tortious interference Totten trust toxic mold toxic tort trade dress trade fixture trade name trade secret trademark trademark owner trademark registration trademark search traffic transaction transcript transfer transfer agent transfer in contemplation of death transfer-on-death (TOD) transfer-on-death deed transferred intent transgender transsexual treason treasury bill treasury bond treasury note treasury stock treatise treaty treble damages trespass trial trial court trial de novo tribunal trier of fact triple net lease TRO true bill trust trust administration trust corpus trust declaration trust deed trust fund trust fund recovery penalty (TFRP) trust fund taxes trust instrument trust merger trust protector trust res trustee trustee in bankruptcy trustee powers trustor Truth in Lending Act (TILA) turn state's evidence turncoat witness Twinkie defense typosquatting U U.N. U.S. Troop Readiness, Veterans' Care, Katrina Recovery, and Iraq Accountability Appropriations Act of 2007 UBO UCC UCC Financing Statement UCC-1 Form UCCJEA ultimate fact ultra vires ultrahazardous activity unbundled legal services unclean hands unconscionability unconscionable unconstitutional uncontested divorce under the influence undercapitalization undersecured debt underwater mortgage underwrite underwriter undisclosed principal undivided interest undocumented immigrant undue burden undue hardship undue influence unearned income unemployment insurance (UI) unenforceable contract unfair competition unified estate and gift tax Uniform Anatomical Gift Act Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction and Enforcement Act Uniform Commercial Code Uniform Gifts to Minors Act (UGMA) uniform law Uniform Premarital Agreement Act Uniform Principal and Interest Act Uniform Probate Code Uniform Prudent Investor Act Uniform Resource Locator (URL) Uniform Simultaneous Death Act Uniform Transfer-on-Death Securities Registration Act Uniform Transfers to Minors Act Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act (USERRA) unilateral contract unincorporated business organization (UBO) uninsured motorist clause union security agreement union shop unissued stock United Nations United States Attorney United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) United States Copyright Office United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979) universal life insurance unjust enrichment unlawful unlawful assembly unlawful detainer unlawful enemy combatant unqualified ownership unreasonable search and seizure unsecured debt upside-down mortgage URL use use tax useful life usefulness usufruct usufructuary usurious usury utility patent UTMA utter uxor V vacant succession vacate vagrancy valuable consideration Van Orden v. Perry (2005) variable annuity variable life insurance variable universal life insurance variance vehicular manslaughter vendee vendor venire veniremen venue verdict verification vertical privity vest vested vested ownership vested remainder vexatious litigation vicarious liability view ordinance vigilante Village of Euclid v. Amber Realty (1926) visa visa waiver program visitation rights viz void void for vagueness voidable contract voir dire volenti non fit injuria voluntary bankruptcy voter bill of rights voting trust W W-2 form wage attachment wages waive waiver wanton ward warrant warranty warranty adjustment program warranty deed warranty of fitness warranty of merchantability wash sale Washington DC Voting Rights Amendment waste watered stock Watkins v. United States (1957) Waxman-Markey Bill weight of evidence wet reckless whiplash whistleblogger whistleblower white-collar crime whole life insurance widow widow's election widower wildcard exemption will will contest willful willful tort winding up winding up a corporation wiretap wiretapping with prejudice withdrawal withdrawal of a corporation withholding witness witness stand witnesseth wobbler Woodson v. North Carolina (1976) words of art words of procreation work credits work for hire work made for hire work permit work product Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act (WARN) workers' compensation Workers' Compensation Acts workmen's compensation workout World Court writ writ of attachment writ of coram nobis writ of execution writ of mandate (mandamus) writ of prohibition write-off wrongful death wrongful termination wrongful termination in violation of public policy XYZ yellow-dog contract Youngstown Steel v. Sawyer (1952) youthful offender Zambrano zealous witness zero tape zoning