PHEP BIEN DOI CAU TRONG TIENG ANH

Phương pháp biến đổi câu (Sentence pattern Transformations) The basic sentence patterns in the English language may be transformed in the following ways: 1. Transform to passive voice This transformation requires using a sentence with an action verb and a direct object. The sentence may be any of the following patterns: NP1 + V-tr + NP2 The dog ate the bone. NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP3 Joe gave Mary a ring. NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + Adj We consider Joe intelligent. NP1 + V-tr + NP2 + NP2 The people made Olaf king. To create the transformation, 1. make the direct object into the subject, 2. add the "be" auxiliary and the -en ending to the main verb, and 3. place the original doer of the action into a prepositional phrase beginning with by. Examples NOTE: Do not change verb tense when transforming sentences from active to passive. ate = was eaten gave = was given consider = is considered made = was made 2. Transform to the expletive there is / there are This transformation requires using a sentence with a verb of being as the main verb. The sentence pattern must be NP1 + V-be + ADV/TP. A fly is on the wall. Two dogs were at the park. To create the transformation, 1. place there at the beginning of the sentence and 2. reverse positions of the subject and verb. Examples NOTE: Do not change verb tense when creating the there is / there are transformation. is = there is were = there were 3. Transform to cleft This transformation allows the writer to emphasize a the sentence subject or object. This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns. There are two ways to create this transformation. Method #1 1. Begin the sentence with It and the appropriate number and tense of the verb of being, 2. focus on either the subject or direct object, and 3. create a second half for the sentence that begins with who, whom, or that. Examples In the above example, the first cleft transformation emphasizes the subject, dog, using three words to refer to the dog: it, dog, and that. The second cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, bone, using three words to refer to the bone: it, bone, and that. In the above example, the first cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, Joe, using three words to refer to Joe: it, Joe, and whom. The second cleft transformation emphasizes the subject we, using three words to refer to us it, we, and who. Method #2 1. Begin the sentence with What, 2. follow with the subject and verb, and 3. insert the appropriate tense of the verb of being and follow with the direct object. Examples In the above example, the cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, bone, using two words to refer to bone: what and bone. This cleft transformation emphasizes the direct object, ring, , using two words to refer to the ring: what and ring. NOTE: Do not change verb tense when creating the cleft transformation. PAST TENSE: The dog ate the bone. It was the dog who ate the bone. It was the bone that the dog ate. What the dog ate was the bone. PRESENT TENSE: We consider Joe intelligent. It is Joe whom we consider intelligent. PAST TENSE: Joe gave Mary a ring. What Joe gave Mary was a ring. 4. Transform to negative This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns. To create the negative transformation A. with a verb of being as the main verb: Add not to the verb. Example B. with an action or linking verb that has an auxiliary verb (have or be): Add not to the verb Example - action verb Example - linking verb C. with an action or linking verb that does not have an auxiliary verb: Add not and the appropriate number and tense of do. Example - action verb Example - linking verb 5. Transform to interrogative with yes-no answer This transformation may be used with any of the sentence patterns. To transform sentences into the interrogative with yes-no answer, A. with a verb of being as the main verb: Transpose the position of the subject and the verb B. with an action or linking verb that has an auxiliary verb (have or be): Transpose the position of the subject and the auxiliary verb Example - action verb Example - linking verb C.. with an action or linking verb that does not have an auxiliary verb: Add the appropriate number and tense of do Example - Action verb Example - Linking verb 6. Transform to interrogative This transformation provides questions that will produce more than a yes/no answer. It may be used with any of the sentence patterns. To create the transformation, 1. place an interrogative word at the beginning of the sentence, 2. reverse positions of the subject and verb, and 3. add do/does/did if needed (action or linking verb without auxiliary verb). Interrogative words: how when where why what which who whom Example - verb of being Example - action verb with auxiliary verb Example - linking verb with auxiliary verb Example - action verb without auxiliary verb Example - linking verb without auxiliary verb NOTE: Sentences using which or whose to create the interrogative may not require adding do/does/did or transposing the positions of the subject and verb. 7. Transform to emphasis / emphatic This transformation may be used • with all sentence patterns except the verb-of-being patterns. • with action or linking verbs that do not have auxiliary verbs To make the emphatic transformation, place do, does, or did in front of the verb, as tense and number dictate. Examples 8. Transform to imperative This transformation creates a command. It may be used with all sentence patterns. To make the imperative transformation, replace the sentence subject with you UNDERSTOOD and change the verb form to its infinitive form without to. Examples: NOTE: There is only one tense, simple present, for the imperative transformation. 9. Transform to exclamatory This transformation creates a surprise statement. It may be used with all sentence patterns. To make the exclamatory transformation, • place what or how at the beginning of the sentence • rearrange words in the sentence as needed • place an exclamation point at the end of the sentence Examples In many cases, more than one transformation may be performed at a time on a given sentence. Example - passive and interrogative Example - passive, negative, and interrogative yes-no Example - cleft, emphasis, and interrogative yes-no